Thursday, December 02, 2010

Why The Civil War Was Not About Slavery

By Donald W. Livingston, Professor of Philosophy, Emory University
Member, Sons of Confederate Veterans
President, Abbeville Institute

Reprinted With Permission

Donald W. Livingston
American historians up to the 1960s tended to treat the War Between the States as a tragic or as a bungling affair. The moral challenge posed by slavery was seen as an aspect of why war broke out, but one overshadowed by deep and long standing constitutional, economic, and political conflicts. Today, however, historians, inspired by Marxist-style analysis, preach the one-dimensional doctrine that the conflict at its core was a moral struggle over slavery. The South was willing to destroy the Union in order to protect slavery and expand it. The North fought to eliminate slavery by preserving the Union. A recent historian, for instance, writes “It is an astonishing anomaly that … for one hundred years historians and commentators attempted to exorcise slavery as relevant or to downplay it as incidental to the conflict. Recent scholarship has at last acknowledged that the participants, after all, knew what they were contending about. Slavery, its expansion or limitation, its abolition or perpetuation was what the war was all about.”1

Another historian writes “that Southerners seceded over one thing and fought over one thing, slavery.” A recent biographer of Robert E. Lee says of Lee “He was a leader in the Southern rebellion, in which so many fought so nobly for such a bad cause.”2

Robert Penn Warren, a Pulitzer Prize poet and novelist, witnessed the birth of this new style of writing history in the early 1960s, and wrote a devastating critique of it in The Legacy of the Civil War. Through the myth of a holy crusade to abolish slavery, Americans had illegitimately acquired what he called a great “treasury of virtue.” Even historians who know the myth is a distortion have generally not written history in a way to criticize it. The National Park Service has ordered every Civil War battlefield park in the nation exhibit the theme that the war was “about slavery.” This was the theme of Ken Burns’ TV series on the Civil War in which Lee was presented as “a traitor.” The series was very popular and prompted the conservative columnist George Will to gush that it was a demonstration of what television is for. The myth has been taught for generations in public schools and colleges. References to it are frequently heard in political speeches, commemoration speeches of all kinds, the media, in film, and in sermons from mainline churches. People in Argentina, Tokyo, Paris, Moscow and Australia who know next to nothing about American history know that the Civil War was “about slavery.” The upcoming sesquicentennial year commemorating the beginning of the War to Prevent Southern Independence promises to be a long, extended speech explaining how the war was “about slavery.” The myth, however, is not true. What is essentially wrong with it is not that it obsessively focuses on slavery while omitting facts contrary to the myth (though it does that), but that it reads a moral meaning into the conflict over slavery that did not exist. It leads us to believe that the North’s “antislavery” was a correct response to the moral challenge, whereas the South was “pro-slavery” and reprehensibly turned its back on the moral challenge. In what follows we shall see that what Warren called America’s great “treasury of virtue” is filled with fool’s gold that morally corrupts all who exploit it.

The first thing to appreciate is slavery was, from the very first, a national enormity, an American sin for which every section of the Union bore some responsibility. This, however, is not how we have been trained to think. We think of slavery as an alien and “un-American” practice confined to the South in the 19th century. But an honest look at American history reveals a quite different picture. Slavery was woven into the economic, political, and cultural fabric of the Northern states from the beginning. The first African slaves were brought to New England in 1638 in exchange for enslaved Indians. Boston began importing slaves from Africa in 1644. For 164 years New Englanders sold slaves throughout the Western Hemisphere.


The Puritans who settled in New England were part of a larger group, the rest of whom settled in the West Indies and began sugar planting which required an especially brutal form of labor with a high mortality rate. New England slave traders supplied the demand for labor and formed marriages and other alliances with their Puritan kinsmen in the West Indies. By the end of the Revolution, slavery had been a respected institution in New England for around 140 years. One out of four families in Connecticut owned slaves. And there were slave plantations in the region. One out of fourteen people in Rhode Island was a slave, and around 50 percent of ministers owned slaves.3


The dark story of New England’s involvement in the practice of slavery has been hidden from general public perception until recently, when three New England journalists published Complicity, How the North Promoted, Prolonged and Profited from Slavery (New York: Random House, 2005). They express their utter shock in discovering New Englanders approved the slave trade and the practice of slavery in their States. They ask “How could we not know this?” And the answer is “Northerners have pushed much of their early history into the deepest shadows of repression … Slavery has long been identified in the national consciousness as a Southern institution.” The time to bury that myth is overdue. Slavery is the story of America, all of America. The nation’s wealth, from the very beginning, depended upon the exploitation of black people on three continents. Slavery, they continue, was a “national phenomenon. The North shared in the wealth it created, and in the oppression it required.” What is truly astonishing, however, is it took so long for these New England journalists to discover facts in their own backyard that were not difficult to uncover.4

Nor are they entirely emancipated from Warren’s “treasury of virtue,” for their book is titled Complicity. It is misleading, however, to say the North was complicit in American slavery. It was foundational. The slave trade began and was carried out mainly by New England States for more than a century and a half. The wealth piled up by New England and New York was generated by servicing slave economies throughout the Western Hemisphere. The purchase of slaves and land in the South and elsewhere was financed by Northern banks; slave-produced staples were transported in Northern ships and insured by Northern companies. The global industrial revolution was based on textile manufacturing which generated an insatiable demand for cotton throughout the world. It is no exaggeration to say the New York City of 1860 was built on slave produced cotton. So was the New England textile industry. Some 75 to 90 percent of federal revenue came from the Southern export trade. The federal government was funded from the first up to 1860 by slave labor.

Slavery, then, was a national enormity integral to the entire economic and political structure of the United States from the beginning. Its elimination, therefore, morally demanded a national solution where all would share, to some degree, in the sacrifices and costs necessary to remove it. From our perspective, the morally right thing would have been a nationally funded program to emancipate slaves, compensate slave owners for their loss, and integrate the African population into American society as social and political equals. Yet, throughout the entire antebellum period, no national political party of any importance ever proposed emancipation, much less compensation and integration. The South could not have seceded and fought to reject a morally responsible solution urged by the North because no such program was ever proposed or even contemplated.

Why not? There were two reasons. First, there was no national program because there was no nation in the modern sense of the term. America was an inchoate federation of States, not a centralized nation-state on the model of Britain or France. Everyone understood that slavery was a domestic institution governed entirely by the laws of each State. Congress simply had no constitutional authority to interfere with slavery in the States. Nor did Congress want that power. On March 3, 1861, Congress passed an amendment to the Constitution making it impossible ever to amend the Constitution to give Congress power over slavery in the States. Lincoln approved the amendment in his first Inaugural Address.

Since Congress had no power over slavery, and did not want such power, the only way to abolish slavery would be through individual state action or by an amendment to the Constitution. No such amendment was ever proposed during the antebellum period, or even seriously contemplated. One reason is that Northerners were not at all willing to help pay for emancipation. They viewed slavery as entirely the South’s responsibility, willfully ignoring their own foundational and continuing participation in an economy and political order to which slavery was integral. But there was more to the North’s lack of interest in emancipation than a refusal to compensate slave owners. If slaves were freed nationally, they would be part of a national American society, but as we shall see, Northerners absolutely refused to integrate free Africans into their States.

If no national political party put forth an emancipation plank during the entire antebellum period, how did the myth ever arise that the war was a great moral struggle between those wanting to protect slavery and those wanting to abolish it? The myth is possible because of the confused and confusing way many Americans think about morality. We can best appreciate this by exploring the logic of the myth.

Most all antebellum Americans believed two propositions. The first proposition is that slavery abstractly considered (that is independent of posi­tive law, circumstance, and custom) is a violation of natural law. This was as true of Southerners as Northern­ers. Lincoln makes this clear in one of his debates with Douglas: “Before pro­ceeding, let me say I think I have no prejudice against the Southern people. If slavery did not now exist amongst them, they would not introduce it.”5

Why not? Because Southerners, like most Americans, thought that slavery abstractly considered is a violation of natural law.

The second proposition held by most Americans and especially by Northerners is the African population was never to be part of the American polity. These two propositions are not contradictory, but they exist together in tension. If slavery, abstractly consid­ered, is a violation of natural law, then slaves in America should be freed. But if America is a white European polity to which Africans are never to belong, then, even if freed, they would be in a permanently servile position without the protections of the master who had, if nothing else, an economic interest in the welfare of the slave.

The moral tension between the two propositions is that between the God-given natural right of freedom and the manmade political right to be a citizen of a certain country. Even if it is true that all men have a God given natural right to freedom, it does not follow that all men have a political right to be citizens of the United States, or citizens of Israel which is a Jewish state, or of Pakistan which is an Islamic state. Whether an alien African population brought over by force and bound by force should be citizens of the United States is a ques­tion to be decided by those with the authority to grant political rights, and this will require nice judgments about their traditions and cultural identity (what makes them a people), and what barriers those erect, if any, to assimilat­ing the alien population into their pol­ity. Americans were white European Protestants with an ethic of individu­alism, a Protestant work ethic, and an ideology of progress. The African pop­ulation was only two generations from tribal existence, uneducated, with no European past, and with only an ab­stract racial identity based on common bondage. It is doubtful one could find a parallel in history of two peoples less likely for social and political integra­tion than these two.

So the American response to the moral challenge of slavery had to be filtered through these two beliefs: that slavery in the abstract is wrong and the African population is never to be integrated into the social and political fabric of America. Given the tension generated by these two propositions, a conditional justification for slavery could be given. Although natural law teaches that slavery is wrong, it also teaches when confronted with a choice of policy, one should always choose what does the most good and the least harm. Thus Thomas Aquinas taught al­though prostitution is a sin and harms society, making it illegal could pro­duce more harm than good. He judged the natural law teaching on prostitu­tion is it should be legally tolerated but contained.

Likewise, if freed blacks were not to enjoy social and political rights and were to live as pariahs, which would push them into vagabondage and crime, then arguably emancipation in some cases would do more harm than good. If so, then slavery as a way of manag­ing what was perceived to be an alien African population until some better arrangement could be found would be justified as a matter of prudence by the same natural law that declares all men have an inalienable right to freedom. This was an awkward position to be in, but it was how most antebellum Amer­icans, North and South, thought of their condition. And, unhappily, they never moved beyond it in confronting the moral challenge of slavery.

Consider Lincoln’s remarks in a debate with Stephen Douglas, Septem­ber 18, 1858:
“I will say then that I am not, nor have ever been in favor of bring­ing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races … there is a physical dif­ference between the white and black races which I believe will forever for­bid the two races living together on terms of social and political equality. And inasmuch as they cannot so live, while they do remain together there must be the position of superior and inferior, and I as much as any other men am in favor of having the supe­rior position assigned to the white race.”6
In the manner of St. Thomas, Lin­coln did not object to slavery as long as it was confined to the South. He laid out the possibilities confronting Americans: “What then? Free them all, and keep them among us as un­derlings? Is it quite certain this betters their condition? What next? Free them, and make them politically and socially, our equals? My own feelings will not admit of this; and if mine would, we well know that those of the great mass of white people will not … We can­not then, make them equals.” Lincoln confessed he could not think of an ac­ceptable solution to the moral problem of slavery: “If all earthly power were given to me, I should not know what to do, as to the existing institution.”7

Why was this supposedly greatest of all American statesmen stumped? Why did he not propose a nationally funded emancipation? He himself was caught in the grip of the tension be­tween the two propositions just men­tioned above, between natural rights and political rights. Consider another passage where Lincoln fully embraces the conflict between natural rights and political rights at the expense of natural rights: “Negroes have natural rights … as other men have, although they can­not enjoy them here, and Taney once said the Declaration of Independence was broad enough for all men. But though it does not declare that all men are equal in their attainments or social position, yet no sane man will attempt to deny the African upon his own soil has all the natural rights that instrument vouch­safes to all mankind.”8

The only solu­tion Lincoln ever offered to the moral challenge of slavery was deportation of free blacks back to Africa — to their “own soil.”

The only place where the African population was accepted as part of soci­ety was in the South. There blacks were integrated into society through the family, i.e.; the plantation household. Southerners had come to think that the native soil of blacks was Virginia and Georgia, not Africa. There was subordination in the Old South but not segregation. Slaves attended the same church as their masters. Only ten per­cent of Southerners even owned slaves, and half of those owned fewer than five. A third owned one or two. Half the owners worked in the fields with their slaves; ate with them; lived on the same property with them, and some­times in the same house. Slave owners traveled in public transport with their servants. This social intimacy, as we will see, was extremely distasteful to Northerners who worked to remove themselves as far as possible from the African population with a determina­tion that has been erased from general historical memory.

This was especially true of New England. Early in the 19th century New England Federalists worked out the first nativist racial ideology. New Englanders thought themselves to be a superior race because descended from pure Anglo-Saxon Puritan stock. There was some truth in this. There had been hardly any immigration into New Eng­land from 1620 to the 1820s. For two centuries the original Puritan stock had intermarried to form a strong re­gional identity. They thought the blood of the rest of the Union was diluted by foreign peoples who did not have a title to be the “true Americans.” Particularly disgusting was the South with its mixture of French, Spanish, Ab­original and even African blood. The defeat of John Adams and the election of Thomas Jefferson as president was a racial trauma for New Englanders. They referred to him contemptuously as the first “Negro president.” Jefferson had lived with Africans for so long that to New Englanders he had become Af­rican. His election meant that inferior and racially compromised Southern­ers would come to dominate the Union, and his purchase of the Louisiana terri­tory, which more than doubled the size of the Union, confirmed their worst fears. They saw it as a plot by Virginia to dominate the Union which would turn it into a mongrel nation instead of one controlled by a morally superior, white Anglo-Saxon New England.

The story of New England racism is another narrative that has been sup­pressed by our popular national his­tory. But a window has been opened in this self-imposed ignorance by Joanne Pope Melish in her book Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and Race in New England, 1780-1860. She asks how did New Englanders view the emancipation of their native blacks and the prospect of integrating them into New England society? She points out state laws did not emancipate slaves outright, but rather freed those born after a certain date and upon achieving a certain age, usually eighteen for fe­males and twenty-one for males. This was a form of compensated emanci­pation which allowed the slaveholder — not only to use the labor of the slave — but to sell him or her before the day of emancipation.

What about those who remained? During the transition period from slavery to emancipation, slaves were not educated with the end in view of integration into New England society. Instead they were treated as slaves and continued to exist in a servile condi­tion after emancipation. They were tightly segregated into shantytowns at the edge of townships. These were often raided and burned. In some cas­es corpses were dug up and removed from the township. Melish estimates that from one-fifth to one-third of all violence done to blacks and abolition­ists in the North was done by New Englanders.9

When after emancipation, the so­cial pathologies of the black community did not improve, rather than shoulder part of the responsibility (failure to ed­ucate and integrate), New Englanders developed a theory of racial inferiority to explain the lag. Indeed, the first sci­entific theories arguing blacks were not members of the same species as whites were developed in the North. Josiah Nott was from one of Connecticut’s oldest families and a brilliant scientist. He saw that insects spread yellow fe­ver and anticipated Darwin’s theory of evolution. He collaborated with the distinguished Harvard zoologist Louis Agassiz on a massive treatise The Types of Mankind, which argued blacks and whites are not of the same species in the same way that whites are distinct from monkeys.

Since Agassiz and Nott were among the most respected scientists of their day, it is worth observing the moral implications of their theory. In a letter describing an encounter with blacks, Agassiz wrote “Seeing their black faces with their fat lips and their grimacing teeth, the wool on their heads, their bent knees, their elongated hands, their large, curved fingernails, and above all the livid color of their palms, I could not turn my eyes from their face in order to tell them to keep their distance.”10 Josiah Nott jokingly described his theory that blacks were of a different species as niggerology.11 It was widely believed in the North that, if freed, blacks, could not compete with the white man and would eventually die out. Jefferson Davis expressed shock in hearing Northern senators speak of the extermination of blacks as a matter of course. Even New England’s great moralist Ralph Waldo Emerson shared this view: “the dark man, the black man declines … It will happen by & by, that the black man will only be destined for museums like the Dodo.”

The system of racial segregation leading to the gradual elimination of New England’s indigenous African population was mirrored everywhere in the North and West. The 1820 constitution of Missouri prohibited free blacks from entering the State. The Constitution of Oregon ratified in 1857 excluded free blacks and mulattos: “No free Negro, or mulatto, not residing in this state at the time of adoption of this constitution, shall ever come, reside, or be within this state, or hold any real estate, or make any contract, or maintain any suit therein; and the legislative assembly shall provide by penal laws for the removal by public officers of all such free Negroes and mulattos … and for the punishment of persons who shall bring them into the state, or employ or harbour them therein.” The Oregon constitution passed by a margin of 8 to 1. Its language prohibiting free blacks from entering the state was almost identical to that of the earlier constitutions of Illinois and Indiana. Every Midwestern state — Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota — as well as those in the Far West, California, Oregon, Colorado, New Mexico — at one time or another passed measures to exclude free blacks from the state. Eugene Berwanger, who has carefully studied racial attitudes in the Western states, said “79.5 percent of the people of Illinois, Indiana, Oregon and Kansas voted to exclude the free Negro simply because of their prejudice.”12 Those blacks already in the state before exclusion laws were passed were subject to severe restrictions. In Lincoln’s state of Illinois, blacks were not citizens of the state, could not vote, could not sit on juries, could not use the courts to testify against white people, and the state refused to educate their children. And if this were not enough, their very movement was tightly restricted. The revised 1833 statutes of Illinois declared: “If any person or persons shall permit or suffer any … servant or persons of colour, to the number of three or more, to assemble in his, her, or their out-house, yard, or shed, for the purpose of dancing or reveling, either by night or by day, the person or persons so offending shall forfeit and pay a fine of twenty dollars.” And free blacks guilty of such assemblies were “to be whipped, not exceeding thirty nine stripes on his or her back.” Cases abound of slaves escaping to free Northern states and being treated so badly that they would surrender themselves to authorities and request return to their master. Lincoln fully supported these shameful black codes and never once raised his voice against them during his political career in the state legislature.

These exclusion laws were successful and restricted the free black population of the Midwestern states to an average of around one percent. But even this minute number was considered too much. Serious efforts were made to colonize blacks abroad. Societies appeared with such names as “Ohio in Africa” and “Indiana in Africa.” The Ohio plan was to remove 600 free blacks a year out of the state until free of the entire black population. A delegate to the Illinois constitutional convention in 1847 said “I am in favor of removing [Negroes] not only from this state, but from all the States. Lincoln introduced a bill in the Illinois legislature to remove blacks from the state. J. C. Hall, leader of the colonization society in Iowa, said in a 1857 meeting Africans had never been part of the civilized world and could not compete with whites: “As long as they remain, they must be outcasts and inferiors. They can have no aspirations except as the objects of an unwelcome, hesitating and noisy charity.”

Colonization of blacks out of the country was the favored solution in the North to the problem of slavery. The various colonization societies read like a who’s who of American leaders: Madison, Marshall, Hamilton, Webster, Lincoln. But no one pushed the project harder than Lincoln. In debates with Douglas he had urged state and federal governments to fund programs of colo­nization. The same appeal was made in two state of the Union addresses and in the preliminary emancipation procla­mation. In 1862 he introduced a consti­tutional amendment to buy and deport slaves. He sent the State Department out to arrange treatises with European colonial powers to secure land for Ne­gro colonization. He explored possi­bilities in Haiti, Liberia, New Granada, Ecuador, St. Croix, Surinam, British Guiana, Honduras and the Amazon. In 1862 he urged Congress to pass a constitutional amendment to buy and deport slaves. In this plan slavery was to continue until 1900. At the end of his speech, Lincoln uttered the famous words: “We shall nobly save, or meanly lose, the last best, hope of earth.”13 As with so many of Lincoln’s memorable phrases, these words have been taken to mean whatever those who quote them wish for them to mean. What Lincoln himself meant was America would continue to be torn — not by slavery as such — but by the presence of a large number of Negroes, whether free or not. The “last best hope of earth” referred to a purely white European polity free of racial strife, and not to a land of freedom for all as it is absurdly interpreted today.

Given the disposition of the vast majority in New England, the other Northeastern states, the Midwest, and the West to rid themselves of the free African population in their states, it is preposterous to claim such people in­vaded the South to emancipate slaves. And they did not. Yet there was a long-standing agitation about slavery in the antebellum period, and that was a fac­tor (though by no means the only one) in the decision of the Southern States to withdraw from the Union. This agi­tation, however, did not spring from a moral motive of concern for the liberty and well-being of the slave, but from other motives — and ones that were not always morally attractive. To ap­preciate this it is necessary to take a look at the main anti-slavery episodes in the antebellum period.

The first anti-slavery episode oc­curred at the Philadelphia Con­vention in 1787 over whether slaves should be taxed as persons and have representation in Congress or whether they should be taxed as property. New Englanders argued they should be treated as chattel and not represented in Congress. We must keep in mind that during this debate New Englanders were heavily en­gaged in the international slave trade and that many were well-accustomed to treating Africans as livestock. When criticized about his travels to Africa to buy slaves, John Brown (who with family support founded Brown Uni­versity), said “there was no more crime in bringing off a cargo of slaves than in bringing off a cargo of jackasses.”14

Southerners pointed out their laws gave the master ownership only in the labor of the slave, not his person. A com­promise was reached in which slaves were counted three-fifths for the pur­pose of representation in Congress. This did not mean, as it is tirelessly said to mean, that slaves were three-fifths of a human being, but only that slaves, so it was thought, could perform only three-fifths of the work of a free white man. Racially conscious New England­ers resented this rule. They demanded that only whites have representation in Congress. One cannot exaggerate the resentment New Englanders felt over the three-fifths’ rule for slaves. They complained about it continuously up to 1860. But this first national quarrel over slavery had nothing to do with a moral concern for the well-being of the slave. If anything, the New England position that slaves were like livestock was morally inferior to the Southern position that, though subordinate (like women and children), slaves were nev­ertheless persons needing protection and hence representation.

The second anti-slavery episode occurred over Jefferson’s close race with Aaron Burr for the presidency, which was decided in the House of Representatives. To New England Federalists this election was seen as illegitimate because with­out the slave representation Jefferson would not have won. Accordingly, as we have seen, racially conscious New Englanders referred to Jefferson as the first “Negro president.” It was in this connection that stories about a sexual liaison between Jefferson and one of his slaves, Sally Hemings, appeared. This supposed relation not only offended against New England’s white nativist ideology, it showed the extent to which Southerners had been dragged down by their long association with Afri­cans.

The Puritans saw themselves on a mission into a dark wilderness. Nature was something alien to be conquered and controlled by a strong will guid­ed by abstract reason. Southerners, in contrast, developed very early the myth of the South as a garden of Eden. Nature was to be respected, but it was also something to be embraced, culti­vated and enjoyed. New Englanders found this relaxed, comfortable rela­tion to nature in the South unsettling. For them, Africans were a symbol of undisciplined and uncivilized nature. By living in close association with Af­ricans, Southerners had reverted back to a more primitive state of nature, making them unworthy of leadership in an American Union that should be modeled on New England. From Jeffer­son’s election up to 1860, New England cultural elites launched an insistent campaign to demonize the character of Southerners. Two excellent studies of this are North Over South, by Susan Mary Grant, a British scholar; and Ann Norton’s Alternative Americas.

Thomas Goodwin, a Northern abo­litionist, could write in 1864 that South­erners had “African playmates … Afri­can attendants .… African recreations … African voices … African minds.” The inadequate notion of liberty and the relaxed morals of Southerners was “the direct influence of so large a population of half-barbarous Africans interspersed among them.”15 Southern­ers had become Negroized, and so were not true Americans as defined by New England elites.

The repressed sexuality of New Englanders found ample room for fantasy about the South’s descent into nature. Repression of sex meant ris­ing above nature to conquer it and so to advance civilization. Such was the meaning of the celibate marriage of the abolitionists Theodore Weld and Ange­la Grimke. Abolitionists supposed not only masters had a free hand with slave girls but that Africans (being creatures of nature), were oversexed and proved a source of temptation to masters and mistresses. One abolitionist wrote that “The Southern States are ONE GREAT SODOM.” A female New Englander placed the blame for interracial liaisons on the uncontrolled lust of slave wom­en. These she said “lured young slave holders into illicit attachments.” And John Rankin said “I could refer you to several instances of slaves actually seducing the daughters of their mas­ters.”16 It is hard not to see here more than a small bit of suppressed envy.

The agitation over the three-fifths rule and Jefferson’s election was cer­tainly about slavery, but it was not in the least about the emancipation and welfare of the African. Indeed, it was anti-African. Slavery was an evil be­cause it brought to America a large number of half-barbarous Africans. Southerners were corrupted by close association with Africans and were unfit to govern the Union, yet some­how they had acquired a commanding grip on it. As of 1860, 11 presidents had come from the South, only five from the North. Attorneys general: 14 from the South and five from the North. Supreme Court Justices: 17 from the South, 11 from the North. Speakers of the House, 21 from the South, 12 from the North. Southern character was not only barbarous (and secretly envied), it was also feared. Emerson bitterly ex­plained Southern political dominance by saying that Northerners knew how to control steam and machines, while Southerners knew how to control men.

The third anti-slavery episode was sparked by Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana Territory from Na­poleon, his embargo, and Madison’s war with Britain. New Englanders were opposed to expansion westward which they thought was contrary to their in­terest and was part of a Southern plot to take over the Union. The Louisiana Purchase and Jefferson’s embargo on British shipping confirmed their worst fears, as did Madison’s embargo and declaration of war with Britain. New England government agencies, from juries to legislatures, nullified the em­bargo and refused to send troops in the War of 1812. None of this would have happened, they thought, if Virginia did not dominate the Union, and that would not have happened without the hated three-fifths’ rule that gave Afri­cans representation. Representative Jo­siah Quincy from Massachusetts said “the slave representation is the cause of all the difficulties we labor under.”

A Convention of New England States met at Hartford in 1814 and se­riously considered secession. The Con­vention sent commissioners to Wash­ington with a number of demands that had to be met as a condition for New England’s remaining in the Union. Among these were repeal of the three-fifths’ rule.

Talk of slavery was certainly a fac­tor in the nullification and secession movements that raged in New England from 1804 to 1814, but this talk revealed no concern for the emancipation and welfare of the African population. New England, until 1808, was still engaged in the African slave trade. The agitation was about how the South had come to dominate the Union and was pursuing policies not in New England’s commer­cial and political interests.

The fourth anti-slavery episode was in 1820 over admission of Missouri as a slave state. A compromise was reached by drawing a line across the continent, allowing slavery south of the line but prohibit­ing it north of the line. In our popular history, this is presented as a moral drama between those who were anti-slavery and those who were pro-slav­ery. But it was nothing of the sort. On the anti-slavery side was Senator James DeWolff of Rhode Island, who strongly opposed Missouri’s entrance as a slave state. We recall that DeWolff, one of the richest men in the country, had gained his wealth through the New England slave trade. His company had run some eighty voyages to Africa until the trade became illegal for Americans in 1808, only 12 years before the Missouri Com­promise. And DeWolff would continue trading in slaves in a foreign market.

What was the meaning of De­Wolff’s anti-slavery position? He was simply continuing the New England Federalist policies which had led to the secession movements in 1804-1814 — namely to weaken the expansion of the Southern agrarian interest which favored Westward expansion, free trade, and was opposed to a national bank and to government subsidies for business, all of which were in conflict with New England’s subsidized ship­ping, fishing and manufacturing inter­ests. DeWolff’s — and New England’s — anti-slavery position on admitting Missouri as a slave state was not in the least motivated by a moral concern for the welfare of the slave.

However, it is difficult for us to­day to read the expression anti-slavery without importing our own 21st centu­ry moral sensibilities into it. Unless his­torians go out of their way to correct us, we cannot help but think the Missouri controversy was a great moral drama between those who sought to keep Africans in slavery and those who sought to liberate them, or at least to limit ex­pansion of the evil. But that is most certainly not how the participants in the controversy thought. The freedom and welfare of the African population never crossed the mind of DeWolff and most other opponents of Missouri entering as a slave state.  Yet there is an important compli­cation that needs to be addressed. As we have seen, nearly all Americans, including Southerners, as Lincoln ac­knowledged, believed that slavery ab­stractly considered is a violation of natu­ral law. Consequently, slavery could be justified only by positive law, or by natural law, if and only if circumstanc­es were such that eliminating it would do more harm than good.

This distinction between abstract principle and moral practice is difficult for Americans to grasp today because we have been trained to think about morals ideologically — to believe mo­rality is mostly a matter of adhering to abstract principles. To be sure, be­lieving in certain moral principles is a part of morality, but it is not the most important part. Moral merit attaches not to what one believes but to what one does or seriously intends to do. To believe in the abstract moral principle that slavery is wrong or that abortions of convenience are wrong conveys in­tellectual merit because one believes something which is true, but it con­veys no moral merit unless it is part of an action intended to end the evil.

Let us call a critique of slavery based merely on assertion of an ab­stract moral principle sentimental anti-slavery. Such a critique enables one to feel good about oneself without having to do anything about ending slavery. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin enabled millions of Northern­ers to ignore slavery was a national evil and to feel good about themselves without having to acknowledge their own collective foundational and con­tinuing participation in an economy dependent on slave-produced staples. Most criticism of slavery in the North throughout the antebellum period was rooted in sentimental anti-slavery.

The use of sentimental anti-slav­ery to mask (often morally unworthy) economic and political motives is mor­ally corrupt because it singles out the slave owner for condemnation (while willfully ignoring the institution is a national evil) and because the critic has no intention of actually doing any­thing (for which there would be a cost) to eliminate it. Jefferson unmasked the sentimental anti-slavery agitation over Missouri by sardonically observ­ing that all the moralistic noise about preventing Virginia slaves from going to Missouri did not free a single slave in Virginia. The Missouri Constitution prohibited the entrance of any free Ne­groes, a provision which called forth no moralistic agitation, as it conformed entirely to Northern anti-Negro atti­tudes and practice.

That a genuine moral concern for the welfare of the slave played no part in the anti-slavery episodes we have ex­amined so far should not be surprising. James Banner, a historian of New Eng­land Federalism, observed throughout the entire North after the Revolution and for the next half-century there was no interest in a genuine moral critique of slavery: “Save for a few isolated lead­ers, no one spoke out vigorously and continuously in defense of manumis­sion, nor did the successful campaign against the slave trade engage the pub­lic interest or enter to any substantial degree into partisan debate.”17

The fifth anti-slavery episode was that brought on by a small num­ber of New England abolitionists, usually marked by the appearance in 1831 of William Garrison’s journal The Liberator. One cannot accuse the New England abolitionists of sentimental anti-slavery. They certainly felt good about themselves for professing the ab­stract proposition that slavery is wrong, but they also called for action and were prepared to suffer for the cause. They held that slavery is a sin committed by the South against humanity, and they demanded immediate and uncompen­sated emancipation. The abolitionists at first proposed what their New Eng­land fathers had proposed in 1804-1814, namely secession of the North from the South. This would free them from complicity in the slave economy and fatally weaken the institution in the South. Jeffrey Hummel, in Emancipat­ing Slaves and Enslaving Freemen, has recently defended this abolitionist argu­ment that secession of the North was the best way to end slavery.

As the Abolitionist movement de­veloped, however, more violent meth­ods were urged. Lysander Spooner of Massachusetts, a libertarian thinker of some merit, proposed infiltrating the South with armed units that would join black escapees and poor whites to form insurgent groups in wilder­ness areas. Spooner wrote to Bostonian abolitionist leader Wendell Phillips in 1840: “I think in five years, 500,000 men in the North would join and that nearly all the non-slave holders of the South would be with us. Cultural elites such as minister Theodore Parker, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, and Stephen Foster encouraged the plan.” Wendell Phillips paid for printing 500 copies of a handbill explaining the plan, and hoping, as he said, to “spread panic” among Southerners. The South was flooded with flyers and pamphlets of this kind proposing insurrection and advocating terrorist tactics such as poi­soning well water and the like.  

In time the hatred of abolitionists would be directed to all Southerners — whether they owned slaves or not. John Brown killed Southern farmers in Kansas who did not own slaves and was praised by New England elites for doing so. His mission to seize weapons at the Federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry for a slave insurrection was funded by New England elites.18 After it failed, he was executed, and immediately be­came an abolitionist hero and martyr. Today he is still admired by a certain kind of American.

The only part of the Abolitionist movement that had moral merit was the early effort to effect the North’s se­cession from the Union as the best way of putting slavery on the road to extinc­tion. That proposal had real promise of effecting a beneficial change. But it was the terrorist part of the movement that came to dominate. That part, how­ever, must be repudiated as morally reprehensible. The project of ending slavery is a morally worthy one, but not if one uses immoral means. Some 50 million babies have been killed in America through abortions, usually for the purpose of birth control. That is morally reprehensible, but it does not justify killing abortionists or bombing abortion clinics, which is the counter­part of what abolitionists recommend­ed for Southerners. This Puritan vision of slaying in the name of the Lord is celebrated in The Battle Hymn of the Re­public which sadly has become an icon of American national identity.

Mainline historians either praise the abolitionists or are muted or mild in their criticism. It is said that, though violent and uncompromising in their rhetoric, they at least awoke the North to the moral problem of slavery. But they did no such thing. All they did was loudly assert an abstract moral principle to which they professed al­legiance, demonize Southern character, demand immediate and uncompen­sated emancipation, and advocate ter­rorist tactics. No one had to tell Ameri­cans slavery abstractly considered is a violation of natural law. That was not the moral problem. The moral problem was to put forth a practical proposal to end slavery that would do more good than harm to all sides concerned. This would have to include some form of emancipation, compensation to slave­holders, and integration into American society.

Abolitionists, however, had noth­ing to offer but immediate and uncom­pensated emancipation, and failing that, terrorism. These demands were as unjust as they were practically im­possible. No emancipation could be just that did not include compensation, and that was not proposed. The abolitionists made no contribution whatso­ever to the real moral challenge posed by slavery. What they did was heat pas­sions up to the boiling point, making rational discourse about the problem impossible. Their legacy lives on in the effacement from collective memory that slavery was a national evil (demanding a national solution, which Americans failed to provide) and in the self-congratulatory demonization of Southern character. It is this legacy that informs the official story that the war about slavery.

And perhaps here something should be said about Calhoun’s fa­mous remark that slavery is a positive good. This has been twisted by histori­ans to mean that Calhoun repudiated the American principle that slavery is a violation of natural law in favor of the unAmerican principle that slavery is a positive good. But he did no such thing. He made clear that he was not talking about slavery as an abstract moral prin­ciple at all, but about the merits and de­merits of an actual practice which the Union had inherited.19

By the 1830s Southerners were confronting an unreal situation. Their character was constantly vilified by abolitionists who let their imagina­tions run wild in decrying the evils of slavery, real and imaginary. Yet no morally responsible proposal was put forth to eliminate it. Since Northern­ers were not prepared to do anything about eliminating the institution, Cal­houn shifted attention away from ab­stract principle to an evaluation of the actual practice — something would have to be done in any serious attempt to reform or eliminate it. He argued the practice in fact did not corrupt the virtue and patriotism of Southerners as was claimed. And as to slaves, he observed they had arrived, a people torn from their tribal roots, in a barba­rous condition, but over time had grad­ually become civilized, Christian and a part (though a subordinate part) of Southern society. It was simply a fact, he said, that Africans had progressed under slavery, and Calhoun placed no limit on the future progress they could make. He urged the vicious attacks on Southern character cease (which ad­vanced no practical agenda in eliminat­ing the institution) and the institution be reexamined in another ten years.

Calhoun taught that liberty is a reward for virtue. This logically im­plies blacks who achieved the required level of virtue should be given more responsibility, and eventually freedom. Calhoun did not go out of his way to stress this point nor to propose a plan of gradual emancipation, but neither did anyone else at the time. The crude, ideological way historians have treat­ed Calhoun’s claim the institution of slavery had achieved some positive good is symptomatic of how ideologi­cal Americans have become and how deeply entrenched is the error that to claim allegiance to an abstract moral principle confers moral merit. Such historians can see in Calhoun’s remark only the assertion of the abstract moral principle that slavery is not a neces­sary evil but a positive good. From this they conclude Calhoun was an odious man. They simply cannot see he was not talking about principles at all, but was offering a concrete evaluation of the practice in the particular context of an American Union that had never intended for Africans to be part of the polity. Far from being odious, Calhoun appears as a judicious man of practical wisdom among strident moral adoles­cents who confuse allegiance to ab­stract principle with moral merit and who cannot perceive any moral merit which is not accompanied by a confes­sion of allegiance to an abstract moral principle.

And it should be added though ab­olitionists made much of the abstract principle that slavery is wrong, most of them shared the racist attitudes of most Northerners who recoiled from association with blacks. Senator Benja­min Wade of Ohio was a towering fig­ure in the Abolitionist movement, but he abhorred contact with blacks. He arrived in Washington in 1851, describ­ing it as “a God forsaken N…… ridden place.” He complained, “the food was all cooked by n…… until I can smell and taste the n……” Looking for a housekeeper in 1874, he complained “for mere n…… power it will cost over $500 a year.” He was determined to find a “white woman” because, “I am sick and tired of n…….” Wade said he did not like blacks, but he hated South­erners more.

The sixth anti-slavery episode was prompted by the Kansas-Ne­braska Act which abolished the Missouri Compromise line. Slavery would now be allowed in Western states if they chose to have it. The Act was passed in 1854. Prior to that time Lincoln had been silent on slavery. As a lawyer he had taken on the case of a slave owner seeking return of his slaves who had fled to Lincoln’s state of Illinois for freedom. He supported the cruel black codes in his state, and urged colonization of Africans abroad. But his political career was at its lowest point, and so after 1854, he began play­ing the anti-slavery card.

Prior to the war, Lincoln offered no practical solution to the moral challenge of slavery other than deportation. And though he rejected the abolitionists be­cause of their demand for immediate and uncompensated emancipation, he followed them in treating adherence to abstract moral principle as identical to morality. He said that the great struggle confronting Americans was that “One section of our country believes slavery is right, and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended” [Lincoln’s italics].20 Here the conflict is structured in pure­ly ideological terms as a philosophical conflict between contrary beliefs in abstract moral principles, and not as a conflict over practical proposals of how to eliminate the evil of slavery. We are led to think Southerners simply think slavery is right and so are evil, while Northerners think it is wrong and are good.

But the truth was just the opposite. Americans were not divided between those who think slavery, abstractly considered, is right and those who think it is wrong. Most agreed that it violates natural law, but Northerners, did not want to live with free Africans in their midst. They were opposed to slavery in principle, but could not see eliminating it without having to inte­grate free blacks into their states, and that was not on the table for discussion. But to take that view is, in effect, to say slavery is acceptable as a practical matter. All of the practical difficulties and complications which emerge from a thoughtful understanding of the real moral challenge posed by slavery are flattened out by Lincoln and reduced to a conflict of belief about abstract principles. Rather than see this as a failure in moral understanding, it is celebrated today as a moral achievement.

This explains why our popular history presents Lincoln as a moral gi­ant in his opposition to the westward expansion of slavery. The great man, it is thought, drew a line in the sand beyond which the slave power could not go. But the no-slavery-in-the-West agitation which brought Lincoln to power (like the quarrel over allowing slavery in Missouri), had nothing to do with a moral concern for the libera­tion and welfare of the African popula­tion. It was about white Northern and Western interests which, among other things, included keeping free Negroes out of the West.

Moreover, there was no realistic possibility the plantation system could move west. As Charles Ramsdell has shown, the geography of the West did not lead itself to large-scale plantation agriculture.21 In the Western territories, under the Missouri Compromise line, where slavery could have expanded, there were only 17 slaves in 1860. But more importantly, there were moral limits. As we have seen, Western states were determined to keep free blacks out of their territory. Slave owners in West­ern states could never be secure. Those who ventured out soon left. There were 55 reported slaves in Kansas in 1856. By 1860 there were only two. The prospect of slavery moving west in the mid-fif­ties when Lincoln began exploiting the issue that made him president was non-existent. The real reason was stated by Charles Eliot Norton of Massachusetts, a militant liberal activist, a professor of art and literature at Harvard, and said to be one of the most cultivated men in America. He supported the free soil movement in the West in order to “confine the Negro within the South.”

Instead of proposing a national so­lution to the moral problem of slavery as he should have done, Lincoln played on racist fears and demonized the South as a great slave power likely to extend slavery not only over the West, but over the entire United States! This claim was preposterous, but Northerners were whipped up into a mass hysteria and believed it. Its legacy sur­vives today in the myth that the war was about the South’s desire to protect and expand slavery.

It is true Southerners insisted on the right to use the common territory as a matter of constitutional right, even though many knew it would not be used in practice to expand slavery. To renounce that right would mean the loss of other constitutional rights in a sectional Cold War over economic, political, and constitutional differences stretching back some fifty years. Be­sides, much good could come from al­lowing slaves to go West. As Jefferson suggested, one practical good would be that slaves could be taken West for emancipation. Diffusion of the African population over the continent would ease the racial tensions which would inevitably arise from emancipation. A small minority of blacks could be more easily integrated into white society than a large block of thirty to forty per­cent of a state’s population.

Here was a real morally responsi­ble proposal for gradual emancipation. Instead of deporting blacks to Africa, as Lincoln proposed, why not use the vast unoccupied territory of the West to allow slaves to work out their freedom? Southern philanthropists opposed to slavery secured land for just this purpose. John Randolph was one of these. He strongly supported the entrance of Missouri as a slave state, though he hated slavery. He provided in his will that property be bought in Ohio for the comfortable accommodation of 300 of his freed slaves. But the white citizens of Ohio refused them entrance. The freedmen returned to Virginia and asked to be wards of the state.

Why did not Lincoln urge a na­tionally funded program of gradual emancipation in the Western territories? The answer is that he lacked the moral courage and even the inclination to challenge the racial prejudices of his time. This is understandable, but it sits uneasily with the myth of the Great Emancipator and friend of black equal­ity.

The no-slavery-in-the-West plat­form that Lincoln ran on was merely a code word for no-Africans-in-the-West, slave or free. As a historian of Kansas put it, “The western settlers did not talk about the sinfulness of slavery; they despised the Negro.” The editor of the influential Chicago Tribune said the North’s greatest fear was “if the slaves were liberated, they would become roaming vagrants; that they would overrun the North and subsist by mendicancy and vagrancy; and that from the day they were made free, they would cease to work.” That might well be true if they had to live under the black codes of Lincoln’s Illinois, but not if they were gradually emanci­pated, endowed with basic civil rights, and given their own farms in the vast unsettled West.

The editor of the Chicago Times said “There is in the great masses of the peo­ple a natural and proper loathing of the Negro, which forbids contact with him as with a leper.” Senator Sherman of Ohio, brother of the Union general, said although most Northerners op­posed slavery in the abstract, they were also “opposed to having many Negroes among them.” These were spurned and hated all over the coun­try. The influential Illinois State Journal declared “The truth is the n…… is an unpopular institution in the free States … we confess that we have, in com­mon with nineteenth-twentieths of our people a prejudice against the n…….” Governor John M. Palmer, who became governor of Illinois, said that race, not slavery, was the real problem confront­ing Northerners: “It is the presence of the Negro race: a race which the senti­ments of our people doom to a condi­tion of racial and political inferiority beyond the reach of all efforts for their elevation.”

The editor of The Milwaukee Sentinel said the two races could never live to­gether in peace: “Whether it is instinct, reason or prejudice, is scarcely profit­able to discuss … It exists throughout the whole North and time seems to do little or nothing toward mollifying it.” An abolitionist said this about his fellow Midwesterners who supported Lincoln’s no slavery-in-the-West agita­tion: “They are more properly Negro haters, who vote Free-State to keep Negroes out, free or slave; one half of them would go for Slavery if Negroes were to be allowed here at all.” The in­herent sinfulness of slavery is not once thought of by them.

The Republican Party platform of 1856 declared “all unoccupied territo­ries of the United States, and such as they may hereafter acquire, shall be reserved for the white Caucasian race — a thing that cannot be except by the exclusion of slavery.” And Lincoln said keeping slavery out of the territories would free them from “the trouble­some presence of free Negroes.” The New York Tribune said barring slavery from the territories would “give them an opportunity to become what New England is now,” namely a uniquely white, morally superior, and enthusias­tically commercial society unpolluted by Africans and racially compromised Southerners.

To conclude. There was certainly a lot of anti-slavery talk in the antebel­lum period, but it did not have the mor­al content the official story implies. We have examined the major anti-slavery episodes from the Philadelphia Con­vention in 1787 to the Kansas-Nebras­ka Act of 1854. Not a single one was motivated by a moral intention to do something about freeing the African population or attending to its welfare. In every case the motive was the eco­nomic and political interests of white people in the North and West against those of the South. The African popu­lation was viewed from New England, throughout the North, and across the West as a pariah people to be removed from one’s presence as far as possible.

The South did not secede to protect slavery from a national plan of eman­cipation because no national political party proposed emancipation. Indeed, there was greater legal protection for slavery in 1860 than ever. And the South did not secede to expand slavery into the Western territories because given its geography and, more importantly, the racial attitude of Westerners, there was no realistic possibility of the plantation system moving West. Besides by leaving the Union, the Southern States lost all claim to the use of those territories. We should also note that the Confederate Constitution abolished the slave trade and allowed the entrance of non-slave-holding states. Confederates were not intent on spreading slavery to every state in the Confederacy, and the same people who wrote the Confederate Constitution were not disposed in the 1850s (contrary to Lincoln and the official story) to spread slavery throughout the United States.

It is true that some states gave attacks on slavery as their reason for seceding, but not all of them did. Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas at first refused to join the Confederacy. They reversed themselves after Lincoln ordered — what they considered an unconstitutional — invasion of the seceding states. As Lee said, he did not want to live in a Union held together by bayonets. Those states that did give attacks on slavery as their reason for seceding did not have in mind resistance to a morally responsible nationally funded program of emancipation, but the virulent, irresponsible attacks of abolitionists. Their long advocacy of a slave insurrection and terrorism was put in practice by John Brown and supported by national cultural elites and even government officials. When the governor of Virginia requested the return for trial of fugitives of Brown’s raid which had fled North, the governors of Ohio and Iowa refused to comply, even though the Constitution requires governors to return fugitives from justice to the state where the alleged crime occurred when requested by the governor of that state. South Carolina, Texas and Mississippi mentioned this break-down in the rule of law as one of their reasons for seceding.

And to this we should add Northern leaders, moving through the unchartered territory of the industrial revolution, were beginning to deny that America is a federation of States. They began talking of it as a unitary nationalist regime with the central government having plenary powers controlled, of course, by the North. This was contrary to the Jeffersonian vision of the Constitution as a federation of sovereign States, which dominated in the South and which was the view of many in the North as well. Lincoln got no electoral votes from the South. He was the first sectional president.

Southern fears the Republican Party was a revolutionary party seeking to destroy the federation of States in favor of a unitary state governed by the North was openly affirmed by Wendell Phillips, a nationally recognized leader in the abolitionist movement. Prior to Lincoln’s election, he gave a speech explaining the meaning of the Republican Party: “It is just what we have attempted to bring about. It is the first sectional party ever organized in this country. It … calls itself national; but it is not national, it is sectional. The Republican Party is a party of the North pledged against the South.”22 If there were indeed two sections, with such strong identities that one could be pledged against the other, why not separate them and have two distinct federations of States? The Union was morally dissolved prior to the South’s secession.

The North did not acquire a “treasury of virtue” from prosecuting one of the bloodiest wars of the 19th century. Instead, it acquired a habit of self-righteousness and moral self-deception which unfortunately has become a national characteristic. Just as Northerners suppressed the obvious fact slavery was a national evil for which they bore some responsibility, so our popular history today cannot acknowledge the invasion and plundering of the South from 1861 to 1877 was an awful crime, as the great 19th-century liberal Lord Acton put it. Their very identity requires they view the conflict instead as a great moral struggle to abolish slavery, even though the antebellum North put forth no morally responsible proposal for eliminating it.

The official story that the war was a great moral struggle for the “soul of the nation” only strengthens the disposition to self-deception and self-righteousness. The war could not have been a battle for the soul of the nation because America in 1860 was not a centralized nation-state that could be said to have a soul. It was an inchoate federation of sovereign states only 70 years old; it had grown in only 50 years to more than four times its original size, which was expanding to the Pacific; and in which secession had been publicly acknowledged as an option in every section of the Union.

Our nationalist historians have made it virtually impossible to perceive the moral truth that the best solution to all the problems confronting the federation of States in 1860 would have been a peaceful division into two federations, which is what the early abolitionists recommended. That, among other things, would have ended the fear that Southerners would use the Western territories as a dumping ground for emancipated Africans because by seceding, they would have no constitutional claim to those territories. Secession would also have hastened the extinction of slavery, which drew its strength from being integrated with the Union. Jefferson Davis himself said that secession would mean the end of slavery.

The official story that the war was about the South’s desire to protect and expand slavery and the North’s determination to abolish it is not merely an error in academic history. The evidence against it has not been ignored so much as it has been suppressed. It had to be suppressed because it contradicts the legitimating myth of the centralized nationalist regime that emerged after the war. Having been repeated so often, it has come to be believed because of repetition.

There is a lack of moral maturity in a regime that cannot confront its own moral failures, but constructs its national identity by projecting those failures onto a scapegoat. And this disordered view of moral reality accepted by both the people and their rulers cannot but have a deleterious effect on domestic and foreign policy. A great stride would be made in ending the ideological style of politics — so characteristic of Lincoln’s rhetoric — which distorts the moral lens through which public conflicts are perceived, if the whole truth were told about the North’s role in slavery, in constructing racial attitudes, and in its failure to even remotely confront the great moral challenge posed by slavery.

But that would require writing a quite different kind of history from the one taught to the public over the past 50 years. Indeed, it would require se­riously rethinking the standard narrative of post-bellum American national­ism. Such a history is long overdue. As I hope to have suggested in this essay, there is no lack of evidence to support writing such a history.

ENDNOTES
1. Alan T. Nolan, Lee Considered, General Robert E. Lee and Civil War His­tory (Chapel Hill & London: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), pp. 25-26.
2. Michael Fellman, The Making of Robert E. Lee (New York: Random House, 2000), p. 308.
3. Joanne Pope Melish, Disowning Slavery, Gradual Emancipation and Race in New England, 1780-1860 (Ithaca: Cor­nell University Press, 1998), pp. xii-xiv, 7, 17.
4. Anne Farrow, Joel Lang, and Jenifer Frank, Complicity, How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and Profited from Slavery (New York: Ballantine Books, 2005), pp. xviii, xxv,xxix.
5. Abraham Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, 1832-1858, ed. Don E. Feh­renbacher (New York: The Library of America, 1989), p. 271.
6. Ibid., pp. 636-37, italics added.
7. Ibid., pp. 510-11.
8. The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy R. Basler (New Bruns­wick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1953-55), vol. 3 pp. 311, 79, italics add­ed.
9. Melish, p. 201.
10. Quoted in Complicity, p. 183.
11. Ibid.
12. Eugene Burwanger, The Frontier Against Slavery (Urbana, Illinois: Uni­versity of Illinois Press, 1967).
13. Abraham Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, 1859-1865, p. 415.
14. Quoted in Complicity, p.110.
15. Quoted in Ann Norton, Alterna­tive Americas (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), p.229.
16. Quoted in Ann Norton, p. 158.
17. James Banner, To the Hartford Convention: the Federalists and the Origin of Party Politics in Massachusetts 1789-1815.
18. Otto Scott, The Secret Six: John Brown and the Abolitionist Movement (New York: NYT Books, 1979).
19. Union and Liberty, The Political Philosophy of John C. Calhoun, ed. Ross M. Lence (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1992), pp. 463-76.
20. Abraham Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, 1859-1865, p. 403.
21. Charles Ramsdell, The Natural Limits of Slavery Expansion, Mississippi Valley Historical Review 16 (1929), pp. 151-71.
22. Quoted in Albert Taylor Bled­soe, Is Davis a Traitor, or Was Secession a Constitutional Right? (Charleston, S.C.: Fletcher and Fletcher, 1995), p.250. This is a reprint of the original 1866 edition.
PLEASE NOTE:  Donald W. Livingston is president of the Abbeville Institute, dedicated to educating college and graduate students about what is true and valuable in Southern tradition.  See www.abbevilleinstitute.org and consider making a donation.

59 comments:

LandShark 5150 said...

Greatness, my friend! when I do mine I will link to this posting from you.

Stogie said...

Thanks LS! I spent the morning copying and pasting from the pdf file, then formatting. It is a worthy article with which to greet the Sesquicentennial of the WBTS.

The Griper said...

hell of a post Stogie. it's about time that history was properly told as it actually occured instead of being revised to fit some pipe dream of certain folks.

and thanks LS for the connect between the three of us.

Stogie said...

Griper, good to know you. Thanks for the comments!

Old Rebel said...

Thanks, Stogie! I needed that! As a matter of fact, I'd just finished reading this, and after enduring that hateful screed, your post was like a breath of fresh mountain air!

Stogie said...

Thanks OR. I left a link at the Grio site to this article and dared them to come and read it.

Old Rebel said...

Ha! Good for you. Be sure to let us know if they have the guts to reply -- which I doubt.

Stogie said...

They did, making excuses for why they won't read it. I left them some facts to consider, however.

david7134 said...

I have not been able to read the position paper, but it looks very good. I have been troubled by the subject of slavery and why people who did not own slaves, or even desire to, were compelled to die in order to keep the institution going. Thus I will share my thoughts and hope to get some feed back.

First, the war. This has to be deifined by the aggressor. In this case, it was Lincoln. He started the conflict with his attempt to invade Charleston Harbor. He defined the conflict as one to perserve the Union. Whatever the Union is, now I have not been able to define that concept at all. He clearly stated that he was not concerned with slaves.

But then we have the concept of the argument in the preceeding 30 years in which the various sections did define slavery one of many differences that they had issues with. This I have had difficulty with until it dawned on me. I was thinking in 20th century terms and not as someone that was free. The fact is that slavery was not in any way the business of the Federal government. It was not defined in the Constitution as one of those things that the Federal government could concern itself with!! Therefore, any laws restricting slavery in the territories was outside of the government of the Federals. The regulation of slavery was in itself a violation of the contract between the people and the central government. To allow the people in Washington to have a say in the concept was to give away the freedom that had been established with the American Revolution. Forget that slavery was not good for the blacks or the owners, the concept of the government telling us what was moral and how to think did not evolve until after the War of Northern Aggression.

swampcat said...

Greetings, Old Rebel! Small world. I usually hang out on your site, but it's good to see you here; it sort of confirms that my mindset will correspond with the perspectives on saberpoint.

Billy Yank said...

Speech of E.S. Dargan, in the Convention of Alabama, Jan. 11, 1861
E.S. Dargan was a member of the Alabama State Senate and Mayor of Mobile in the early 1840's, U.S. Representative in 1845-47, elected to the State Supreme Court in 1847, and became Chief Justice in 1849 serving 5 years. He was a delegate to the secession convention from Mobile County. After secession, he was elected to a term in the Confederate Congress. My thanks to Justin Sanders for sending me this.
Source: "The History and Debates of the Convention of the People of Alabama," William R. Smith (Montgomery, Ala: White, Pfister, & Co, 1861; reprint Spartanburg, SC: Reprint Company Publishers, 1975), pp. 93-94.


I wish, Mr. President, to express the feelings with which I vote for the secession of Alabama from the Government of the United States; and to state, in a few words, the reasons that impel me to this act.

I feel impelled, Mr. President, to vote for this Ordinance by an overruling necessity. Years ago I was convinced that the Southern States would be compelled either to separate from the North, by dissolving the Federal Government, or they would be compelled to abolish the institution of African Slavery. This, in my judgment, was the only alternative; and I foresaw that the South would be compelled, at some day, to make her selection. The day is now come, and Alabama must make her selection, either to secede from the Union, and assume the position of a sovereign, independent State, or she must submit to a system of policy on the part of the Federal Government that, in a short time, will compel her to abolish African Slavery.

Mr. President, if pecuniary loss alone were involved in the abolition of slavery, I should hesitate long before I would give the vote I now intend to give. If the destruction of slavery entailed on us poverty alone, I could bear it, for I have seen poverty and felt its sting. But poverty, Mr. President, would be one of the least of the evils that would befall us from the abolition of African slavery. There are now in the slaveholding States over four millions of slaves; dissolve the relation of master and slave, and what, I ask, would become of that race? To remove them from amongst us is impossible. History gives us no account of the exodus of such a number of persons. We neither have a place to which to remove them, nor the means of such removal. They therefore must remain with us; and if the relation of master and slave be dissolved, and our slaves turned loose amongst us without restraint, they would either be destroyed by our own hands-- the hands to which they look, and look with confidence, for protection-- or we ourselves would become demoralized and degraded. The former result would take place, and we ourselves would become the executioners of our own slaves. To this extent would the policy of our Northern enemies drive us; and thus would we not only be reduced to poverty, but what is still worse, we should be driven to crime, to the commission of sin; and we must, therefore, this day elect between the Government formed by our fathers (the whole spirit of which has been perverted), and POVERTY AND CRIME! This being the alternative, I cannot hesitate for a moment what my duty is. I must separate from the Government of my fathers, the one under which I have lived, and under which I wished to die. But I must do my duty to my country and my fellow beings; and humanity, in my judgment, demands that Alabama should separate herself from the Government of the United States.

If I am wrong in this responsible act, I hope my God may forgive me; for I am not actuated, as I think, from any motive save that of justice and philanthropy!

Billy Yank said...

Just in case you missed it...Dargan said he is voting for secession to protect slavery.

"I feel impelled, Mr. President, to vote for this Ordinance by an overruling necessity. Years ago I was convinced that the Southern States would be compelled either to separate from the North, by dissolving the Federal Government, or they would be compelled to abolish the institution of African Slavery. This, in my judgment, was the only alternative; and I foresaw that the South would be compelled, at some day, to make her selection. The day is now come, and Alabama must make her selection, either to secede from the Union, and assume the position of a sovereign, independent State, or she must submit to a system of policy on the part of the Federal Government that, in a short time, will compel her to abolish African Slavery."

Stogie said...

Good quote, Billy Yank. It illustrates a lot of what Donald Wilson says in this article: the extreme difficulty in assimilating millions of former slaves if sudden emancipation were to occur; the abject poverty to which both slave owners and slaves would if it did; and the reason why the North was wrong to forbid slaves from moving into the western territories.

As Jefferson Davis and other Southerners pointed out, liberation would be accelerated by spreading the slave population across the country, where they could be more readily absorbed into the surrounding populace, was highly preferable to confining them in large concentrations in the Southern states.

The speaker whom you quote was also right to note that retaining the system of slavery was the only practical and workable solution, until some better plan could be devised. Natural law says that slavery is wrong and ought to be ended; but natural law also says that any solution to a problem of this significance can only be achieved which creates the greatest good for the greatest number of people; and that meant that Americans of the 1860's were stuck with slavery for the time being.

As Wilson points out, the only morally responsible and practical solution was (1) to compensate slave owners for their loss, (2) to emancipate the slaves, and (3) to assimilate the former slaves as social and political equals.

However, no such plan was ever put forth by the North, who had no desire to compensate the slave owners and even less of a desire to accept blacks as political and social equals. Their only plan was to deport all former slaves back to Africa, which was impractical and impossible.

Billy Yank said...

Stogie...

That is the largest load of horse shit I have ever heard. You cannot face fact that the south went to war over slavery. Commissioner after commissioner gave speech after speech explaining why those states that had not seceded in late 1860 and early 1861 should secede. To protect African-Slavery.

And I would like to se you side step this one...

Speech of Henry Benning to the Virginia Convention


"What was the reason that induced Georgia to take the step of secession? This reason may be summed up in one single proposition. It was a conviction, a deep conviction on the part of Georgia, that a separation from the North-was the only thing that could prevent the abolition of her slavery. This conviction, sir, was the main cause. It is true, sir, that the effect of this conviction was strengthened by a further conviction that such a separation would be the best remedy for the fugitive slave evil, and also the best, if not the only remedy, for the territorial evil. But, doubtless, if it had not been for the first conviction this step would never have been taken. It therefore becomes important to inquire whether this conviction was well founded."

Stogie said...

Billy Yank, your historical prejudice blinds you. Dargan was wrong on one of his points: the Federal government had no such power to abolish slavery and indeed, did not want that power. The only power that the Federal government wanted was to prohibit slavery from the new territories, and not always (if ever) for noble reasons.

Second, Dargan was concerned about the difficulty of assimilating the slaves into society without causing widespread poverty and chaos. I think you are trying to imply that secession was to save slavery for selfish reasons, but it is not that simple. Without any plan to compensate slave owners and to assimilate blacks (e.g. into the western territories) would have been morally irresponsible.

Since the North never put forth any such plan, their noble intent is indeed highly suspect.

Stogie said...

Billy Yank, you are the purveyor of horse shit, not me. You can't accept the fact that the great Northern myth is a lie, and that your ancestors fought for an unjust cause.

Billy Yank said...

Stogie,

I will grant you the fact that the North had no plan to free the slaves. It did however plan to keep it bottled up in the south so that it did not become a national institution.

It was not the North that went to war over the issue of slavery...that great distinction belongs to the south.

Billy Yank said...

Anyone who really studies the time and the war knows that the North did not fight a war to free the slaves. But the south fought the war to protect African-slavery as pointed out in the Henry Benning quote.

Care to explain that one away?

Stogie said...

Billy Yank, you embarrass yourself. The North invaded the South, not the other way around. Lincoln refused to negotiate the peaceful transfer of Fort Sumter and his attempt to regarrison the fort was an act of war.

Further, if the South had been allowed to peacefully leave the Union, slavery would have been quite effectively confined to the South, thereby achieving the goal that you claim was the North's all along. The South would not have any access or right to the western territories, thereby achieving the North's goal of keeping them free of slavery.

The North went to war for the power to tax and to control territory and populations. It most emphatically did not do so to liberate what it considered a pariah race, which it in fact despised.

Billy said...

Do a little reading on the ship..Star of the West.

While you are at it...you may wish to read up on the confederate government and its interest in the western territories and what states would have to do to be added to the confederacy from those territories.

The North already had the power to tax and control the territories...why go to war over powers it was already conducting?

Ummm...about your last sentence...I have already said that.

BTW...any thoughts on the Benning quote or are you hoping it goes away?????

Stogie said...

Anyone who really studies the time and the war knows that the North did not fight a war to free the slaves. But the south fought the war to protect African-slavery as pointed out in the Henry Benning quote.

Care to explain that one away?


No need to explain it away. Some of the states of the South seceded to protect the disastrous and sudden emancipation of slaves and the economic ruin it would entail; but others seceded for different reasons. Read the article for details.

No, the South didn't go to war to fight for slavery, it went to war to defend itself against invasion by a hostile power bent on its conquest. Had there been no Northern invasion, there would have been no war.

Billy said...

Ah...I see...the south went to war to protect slaves from sudden emancipation by the big bad federal government.

You seem to be mixing up the War of the Rebellion with this little teabagger thing today.

Stogie said...

Billy, your arguments are really poor and now you've resorted to sarcasm. Furthermore, you have avoided addressing any of my points.

No, the South did not go to war to avoid sudden emancipation; there was no plan by the North for any such emancipation. However, some of the Southern states seceded under that assumption when Lincoln was elected. The Republican Party was then a sectional party, i.e. it represented Northern interests and opposed Southern interests. So the seceding states were not entirely wrong in that assumption.

As I said before, the South went to war because Lincoln declared war upon them; they had no choice in the matter. They fought to defend themselves against an invading force.

Stogie said...

Oh yes, as far as the Benning quote, it only proves that Georgia was concerned about forced emancipation (and the economic disaster it would entail) as a reason for which it seceded.

Secession is not a declaration of war. Georgia's reasons for seceding do not automatically confer great moral glory upon the North, who started the war by invading the South.

Finally, your sniping at the Tea Parties means you are a modern day liberal, which also explains why you are so enamored with big government power grabs, which Lincoln personified in the extreme.

Stogie said...

And just so you won't claim I am sidestepping the "Star of the West," let me say that it was a Yankee ship that attempted to resupply Fort Sumter and was fired upon by cadets from the Citadel. The attempt to resupply was an act of war, but it was Lincoln's calculated plan to draw fire from the Southern forces as an excuse to start the war that he had planned all along.

After his plan worked, he could cry "They have fired on the flag!" and excite Northerners to sign up for his bloody war of aggression.

Anonymous said...

If the North was fighting to free slavery, please explain why there were 3 slave states in the northern region during the entire run of the civil war! You'd think if the North were fighting to end slavery, they'd make sure all of their northern counterparts were free states as well wouldn't you?
And while you're at it, please explain whey over 50,000 black men fought for the south.

You can try to pretend that those northern slave states didn't exist, but they did. And you can try as many northern supporters do, to pretend that those 50,000 black confederate soldiers never existed, but they did.

The war wasn't about slavery.

Ballueg said...

If the North wanted to end Slavery all they had to do was oppose the FEDERAL law called the Fugitive Slave Act. Slavery couldn't exist without it. But the FEDERAL GOVERNMENT was apparently not interested in opposing this FEDERAL law! Lincoln by the way supported it.

The "It was about slavery" people are just ignorant to the facts and really look stupid when arguing their "point".

Old Rebel said...

I see Billy Yank has oozed onto your site. My condolences. If you defend the South, the Empire's most vile apologists will crawl out of the Internet slime.

Stogie said...

Old Rebel,

Yes, I've seen Billy Yank before. He is definitely a dedicated apologist for the Northern Myth.

christian soldier said...

always wondered how a man like Robert E. Lee- top officer of his class -second in his class for academics-no demerits -while at West Point - served w/ honor whenever asked -Duty - Honor -Country-
would give up his commission in the US Army and join the South -even though he was a 'Southerner' just started study on states rights and this post is helping -a lot- thanks!
C-CS

bro said...

Billy yank is a perfect example of this!!!

When the debate is lost, slander becomes the tool of the loser= Socrates

Anonymous said...

Those who argue that the North invaded the South to end slavery have to argue that Maryland and Delaware were fighting the South, to end slavery. Of course, Maryland and Delaware were both slave states themselves. So one has to argue that 2 slave states were fighting other slave states to end slavery.

Yeah, That makes a lot of sense.

Slave states fighting other slave states to end slavery. Black men fighting for the confederacy AGAINST those trying to end slavery.

Yeah, really makes a lot of sense doesn't it?

These simple facts alone blow the doors off anybodies ignorant attempt at a case for the Civil War having anything at all to do with slavery.

Stogie said...

Good point, Anon.

Yes, the census of 1860 shows that there were slaves in Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, New Jersey, Nebraska, New Mexico, Utah and the District of Columbia. Of course, there were far fewer slaves in these states and territories, but still they were legal.

See http://www.sonofthesouth.net/slavery/slave-maps/slave-census.htm

Bubber said...

Hey Stogie,

Keep telling it like it is. Good man.

Stogie said...

Thanks Bubber, I intend to do exactly that!

Seeker said...

Let me ask you bluntly, with all due respect.

Are you afraid to look at, and acknowledge, the South's own Ultimatums, the South's own documents, the South's own speeches, the South's own books, the South's own Declarations, from that period?

Because if you just want to rant, and try to impress your like-minded friends, that's fine.

I can understand that. Denial has it's place. Without it, most of us would go stark raving mad.

Particularly those who have their ego invested in insisting the violent spread of slavery was not the sole reason for the Civil War.

How do we know the violent spread of slavery was the sole reason for the Civil War?

Well, the Southern leaders said so. Loudly, proudly, over time, collectivelly, repeatedly, by deed and word. By unmistakable, undeniable assertions, books, newspaper articles, declarations, ultimatums, promises, threats, and speeches.

By their own declarations before during and after the war.

By their own conduct, their own writings, and their own insistance.

You do have a point, however pathetically twisted it is. The North did not fight to end slavery, any more than the FDR and the Allies fought to end the Nazi death camps.

By your logic, FDR and the Allies didn't care about the death camps, because they didn't fight the war to end them.

That of course is your cop out.

The South very clearly fought the war to spread slavery, and if you have any doubt, check out their own Ultimatums.

And the North very clearly fought to stop the violent spread of slavery and the illegal violent rebellion that was started to spread slavery.

Go on, check them out.

Really, check out the South's own ultimatums. I didn't write them. The Southern leaders did.

Wouldnt you WANT to know what the SOuthern Ultimatums were?

Wouldn't you be naturally curious what the SOUTHERN newspapers reported about them? What Northern newspapers said about them?

I didn't gleefully report them -- the Southern newspapers did.

Have you read them? Do you want to?


These weren't some fringe group writing these SOuthern Ultimatums, some Nathan Forrest type of insane child selling lunatic. These were the cream of the Southern manhood, the very same men who created the CSA.

In fact, these Southern Ultimatums were from Montgomery, BY the Southern Founding Fathers. Hard to get more elite than that. These Southern Ultimatums came from the Mouth of the South -- the Confederate leaders.

And those Ultimatums were ALL about the spread of slavery. The VIOLENT spread of slavery.

The spread of slavery AGAINST the will of the people.

Have you read the Ultimatums?

No, of course not. You would have to actually study the Confederate founding fathers. And the reports coming from Montgomery.

And the gleeful Southern newspapers reporting the Ultimatums as "The TRUE ISSUE".

I don't think you have done that.

At all.

Go find your Southern Ultimatums. Your leaders issued them. Your newspapers gleefully reported them as "THE TRUE ISSUE".

And why you are at it, check out the Cornerstone speeches (yes, more than one) Jeff Davis broadside of Jan 5, 1863, and Lee's handwritten account books.

Stogie said...

Seeker, you have made a lot of accusations and claims without a single web link or a single example. Therefore your arguments have no substance and no credibility whatsoever.

Lincoln himself said in his first inaugural that he had no right to interfere in slavery in the states where it now existed. He also stated that the issue of slavery had no bearing on his TRUE GOAL, which was to impose the Union on 11 states that no longer wanted it.

I know of no "ultimatums" that the South gave to the North; I only know that the South exercised its commonly agreed-upon right to secede from the Union. Lincoln then started the war by invading the South. The real cause of the war was Yankee imperialism and greed. They wanted the huge tax revenues that the South provided through the North's imposed tariffs. Early after the first states seceded, Lincoln was asked why he just didn't let the South go. "Let them go! Let them go!" he replied, "Who is going to pay my tariff?"

As far as the "cornerstone" speech, it was the opinion of one man, VP Stevens; he did not speak for the South or the Confederacy. As for Lincoln's "cornerstone" speeches, the man was a white supremacist, racist and white separatist who was totally flexible on the issue of slavery as long as the Union was preserved. He in fact agreed with Steven's "cornerstone" speech except for the slavery part. He wanted all blacks deported to Africa or South America.

As far as Lee's management of his father-in-law's slaves, yes he did discipline slaves who tried to run away or who refused to work. So what? Did George Washington treat his slaves any different? Or Thomas Jefferson? Or the hundreds of black slave owners throughout the South?

You are a non-serious student of the Civil War, a modern day Yankee fanatic. Go away.

Stogie said...

Seeker, I forgot to address one of your major falsehoods, that "the violent spread of slavery was the reason for the Civil War." The statement is so preposterous that you should be embarrassed, but it does prove your extreme bias for the North.

The South did not want to "spread slavery by violence," they wanted to secede and be left alone. After secession, they would have no more legal right to the western territories -- so how could secession help them "spread slavery"? Ridiculous.

Further, the plantation system did not work well outside the South, where neither the climate nor the soil supported cotton, tobacco or sugar cane, the main crops produced by plantations (sugar was in Cuba and elsewhere, not in the US). Therefore, there was no economic reason to "spread slavery" beyond the South. Some Southerners did want access to the western territories as a place to free slaves so they could support themselves farming; however, the white populace in those areas strongly resented blacks, either free or slave, and wouldn't allow it. So your argument about "the violent spread of slavery" is a transparent lie with no basis in reality.

However, with the South gone,the South could now open its ports to free trade, ending the tariffs that funded Northern interests and industries. The result would be a massive transfer of international trade from Northern ports to Southern ones and this would have been financially devastating to Northern ambitions and Northern corporatism.

This is also an important reason why Lincoln would not freely give up Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. To do so would end Northern collection of the tariff in that port.

david7134 said...

Stogie,
This guy named seeker is obviously a nut. I have read on the War of Northern Aggression for about 50 years, even the literature that was available before the take over by the liberals/progressives/Marxist, in that time I have never seen any mention of "ultimatums" by the South. Perhaps the guy is mistaking the conflict in Kansas/Nebraska as an attempt at violent spread of slavery, but most of what I have seen suggest that the South knew the end was near for the slave economy and was looking for ways to make the shift. Any reading would indicate that the real villian in all this was Lincoln. Everything that he touched was done so with evil intent.

Seeker said...

Stokie -- sure, all this comes from Southern sources.

You never heard of the Ultimatums?

I'm not surprised. YOu are of course a person of honor and character, you are not frivilous or evasive. If the South issued Ultimatums to spread slavery, and you knew of it from reliable Southern sources, you would pay attention to that.

Its no surprise you didn't hear of it, or many other things. This is a very embarrassing set of Ultimatums. It does not fit in with the politically correct myths that have passed for history in our text books and in popular culture representations, such as movies and books.

This is the Southern leaders demanding the spread of slavery. Period.

They were issued by Southern leaders themselves, reported by Southern newspapers loudly and proudly.

You can look up Richmond Enquirer March 23, or see the link at the bottom.

As you can see, th Richmond newspaper called the Southern Ultimatums "THE TRUE ISSUE!!" There was nothing in there that surprised them, at all.

Quoted as follows, my comments are in ( ).

1) That African slavery in the Territories shall be recognized and protected by Congress and the Territorial Legislatures.

(This is a violent assault on state's rights --Kansas must accept slavery, though the people there just voted 98%-2% to reject slavery AND they fought a 4 year war against slavery.)

2)That the right to slaveholders of transit and sojourn in any State of the Confederacy, with their slaves and other property, shall be recognized and respected.


3) That the provision in regard to fugitive slaves shall extend to any slave lawfully carried from one State into another, and there escaping or taken away from his master.

(Again, a violent assault on state's rights, no state could have it's own laws about who the bounty hunters can grab, or what proof is needed to show they are indeed run away slaves.)

4)That no bill or ex post facto law by Congress or any State, and no law impairing or denying the right of property in negro slaves, shall be passed.

=============== END QUOTE

Let's be candid -- these Ultimatums are not only to spread slavery, but are all an assault on state's rights to decide for themselves. No state -- NORTH or South -- could have any laws about slavery at all.

These were all about SLAVERY. The SPREAD of slavery. And how states could not do anything about it, in their OWN state!

Do you notice what is NOT there? Not a word about tariffs. Not a word about taxes. Not a word about anything -- but slavery.

Every one of the Ultimatums were about slavery.

And this was not just a few radical nut jobs -- these were the leaders in Montgomery, defined by your own leading newspaper.

This was nothing unusual. These demands were common knowledge, North and South, it was just articulated here by the Southern leaders, and the Southern newspapers. No one would have batted an eye at these, at all.

These were just the demands the South had from 1800 on, this is what the South Slave power demanded in 1820, and then again in 1850, this was yet another in a series of demands to spread slavery further and further.

But I do give you credit for putting like this in your blog.

If you want a link, here is one

http://civilwarcauses.org/richmond.htm

Seeker said...

David and Stogie --

You are both educated men, correct? YOu both have read exentensively about the Civil War -- but also about the period leading up to it, correct?

These Ultimatums were in Southern newspapers the entire time. Everyone alive in 1861, who knew the issues, knew either about these Ultimatums directly, or they knew the fundamental position of the South about the spread of slavery.

This was no secret -- to anyone. Nothing hush hush about it.

But far more importantly, this is the FUNDAMENTAL history of the entire US from 1800-1861. This was not some unspoken hidden disptue.

This was the basic issue, it's what the 1820 "Compromise" was about, the 1850 "Compromise". Its what Lincoln Douglas debates, and Dred Scott decision was about.

Everything revolved around the spread of slavery, one way or another.

And the South was not in the least embarrassed to say so. In this case, they said so very clearly in their own Ultimatums.

But in all years, in all issues, they spoke of the spread of slavery. How they (slave owners) have every right to spread slavery and take their slaves anywhere they want.

In fact, SOuthern leaders said God told them to spread slavery, not just to the rest of the continental USA - but to spread GOD's form of slavery to all the world!

And God's slavery, according to Vice President Stephens, was perpetual slavery of the inferior black race, by white men.

You can discount such utterances as the folly of one man.

But the South's Ultimatums were not by one man, they were by the leaders in Montgomery. And it was the fundamental issue from 1800 on.

You may agree that they had rights to take their slaves, and to sell children, and to force slavery down the throats of citizens who hated slavery.

You may disagree that they had the right.

But that was the issue. That is what THEY said the issue was.

Read any newspaper from any day, in the antebellum South, and much of it will be about some aspect of the spread of slavery.

Most of the hard hitting speeches in Congresss, in the Senate, were one way or another about the spread of slavery. The Lincoln Douglas debates -- were about the spread of slavery.

The Compromises of 1820 and 1850 were about the spread of slavery.

Yet you never heard of this issue?

You don't need to read the South's own ultimatums, as presented loudly and proudly by the Southern newspapers.

If you simply know the basic history of USA from 1800-1860, that is what it was about. The SPREAD of slavery.

Jeff Davis even said he wanted to re-unite the nation, as a slave nation, North and South.

There are many things the South has to pretend never existed, or willfully ignore the South's own Ultimatums, speeches, declarations, newspapers, books, ect.

The Southern Ultimatums are just one of them.

Stogie said...

Seeker, so far you have quoted a newspaper editorial as the source of your wild claims. So did some newspaper editor speak for the South? No, he spoke for himself.

The rest of your ambiguous rant indicates the only thing you should be "seeking" is professional help, i.e. as in a psychiatrist.

Answer the question: if the South fought to "spread" slavery, where were they going to spread it to, having seceded from the Union?

Answer the question: where outside of the South would slavery have proven economically feasible?

You are so full of it, Seeker, a modern day fanatic in the tradition of John Brown.

Stogie said...

Seeker, your second comment above continues to be just your unproven opinion, and it does not square with the facts. You are a great example of a Northern myth-maker, however; since your side was evil, immoral and tyrannical, you have to create out of thin air a wild scenario that not even modern (biased) historians believe.

Stogie said...

Seeker, a few more points.
1. The tariff wasn't always mentioned by the Southern states as a reason for secession,but it was clearly a reason for the North's invasion: the loss of hundreds of millions in revenue.

2. Answer the question: Did the North ever put forth any morally responsible plan for ending slavery,, i.e. through compensation of slave owners and integration and assimilation of the slaves? The answer is NO they didn't. The abolitionists of the time insisted on immediate and uncompensated emancipation, which would have been economically disastrous to the slave owners and slaves. The North did not have a moral stand on slavery or a moral solution.

Other causes for the South's secession:
1. The flooding of the mails with pamphlets and circulars urging slaves to murder their masters, poison wells and other mayhem.

2. Refusal of some Northern states to extradite members of John Brown's murderous gang who had seized the arsenal at Harper's Ferry.

3. The funding of abolitionist terrorism by Northern rich men.

Seeker said...

Stogie, in re-reading your response, you say you "never heard" of the Southern Ultimatums, and that the South would have no more claim on the territories, once it seceded.

First, it's clear everyone believes their own BS. And everyone thinks the other guy's history is BS. You are that way, and so am I. Depends on what we are told, and what social rewards we get for it.

That is why I focus on the South's words, the South's ultimatums, the South's speeches, books,newpapers, documents, threats, promises, etc.

Just because you never heard of the Southern Ultimatums, means only that you haven't been exposed to the South's own words in this regard.

SOuthern leaders meeting in Montgomery issued the Ultimatums, and they were reported in Southern newspapers. These were the core issues, not only because they were ULtimatums, but the Southern newspapers called them "THE TRUE ISSUE".

Obviously someone thought they were the core issues, someone thought they were the true issues.

These were the South's own ultimatums, they were not dreamed up by historians later, they reported in the SOuthern newspapers, proudly and loudly, at the time.

If these were not the Ultimatums, surely someone then could have said so. They were the headlines in the leading Southern newspapers. If they were fraudulent or mistaken, it would be a simple matter to correct them.

But the Ultimatums were nothing more than the persistent, upfront, candid, and obvious demands from the last 50 years.

They were the distillation of the core issue, and everyone knew it.

Even some Northern papers said the Ultimatums should be obeyed, to avoid war. They did not say "WOW, we never heard of these before!"

Everyone knew those were the issues.

You say you never heard of them. Of course you haven't heard of them expressed that way. How could you?

They were the central issue - but you can't find them in US text books.

And you are an educated, well read person! What does that say about our educational system?

Only politically correct things that don't embarrass the Southern states can be put in US text books. So they aren't there.

Along with most of the basic truths, they aren't there.

No wonder this is not in US text books -- there are thousands upon thousands of other embarrassing truths that have never, and will never, make it into US text books, because of the strangle hold the Confederate states still use to suppress these things.

But they are in Southern documents, Southern newspapers, Southern books, Southern speeches, Southern declarations, Southern history books, of that period.

Strange then that you keep them out of your books NOW, out of your web sites NOW, out of your view NOW.

They were exlaimed loudly and proudly then -- but hidden and denied now. What's that tell you?

These truths just got edited out. If Google had not digitized 100 million (or whatever) pages of antebellum books and newspapers, we would never have heard of these things, even now.


You should have learned about your own ultimatums in your own schools, along with other basic truths. And you would have, if they had been there.
x

Stogie said...

Seeker, no I never heard of the South's "ultimatums." I doubt that anything like that ever existed, except in the fevered minds of fanatics like yourself.

You seem to want to overwhelm this discussion with numerous unsupported statements and opinions as if the sheer volume of your words will transform history into something that supports your biases and preconceived notions.

david7134 said...

seeker,
I went to school in south Mississippi and never, ever heard of any of the doguma that you are preaching. In fact, we did away with conventional textbooks in the 50's in Mississippi as they kept talking about the history of the US after 1865, the teachers in graded school indicated that the US ended after the War. In that time I never heard of any of what you are talking about, only that a region had decided that its interest were different from the rest of the country and exercised their desire for self determination, only to be forced back into the US and watch as the US tried to eliminate other groups, such as the Indians. As to the continued influence of the South, I think you are way out there on that one. We definitely feel like a step child and still desire to be left alone and have out own country. It sounds like you desire the same thing, so get with your little liberal friends on work on the deal. Or are you afraid we will start slavery again?

The fact is that it takes a considerable number of folks to have slavery. Certainly the slave were concentrated in the South, but the North kept the institution going with funding, insurance, a ready market and so forth. It was not in the Norths best interest to eliminate slavery and they didn't. It died out with the War and laws only solidified what had already occurred. Now, tell me what is so bad about slavery. Most of the people that I have seen in our poor areas would be much better off as slaves. Slavery was the norm until about 1880. It is still used in some areas and will be back when our tech industry dies. Which might not be too far down the road with our current administration. So why are you so upset with slavery??

Stogie said...

Seeker, your last three or four posts were increasingly strange and far-fetched, so I have deleted them. I will delete any more comments that you make in this thread.

Go peddle crazy somewhere else, we're all stocked up here.

Anonymous said...

As was previously mentioned, anyone how honestly believes the North invaded the South to end slavery must explain why 1.) The North had no problem with 2 of their own states being slave states at the same time 2.) Why these 2 slave states would fight to end slavery while being slave states themselves 3.) Why the North would allow West Virginia to join the Union AS A SLAVE STATE. I mean, if the reason they were fighting the war was to end slavery, you'd think the prerequisite for joining the union would be that you have to be a slave free state, right?

Try to explain that before you explain anything else.

On second thought, don't bother, because the war was not about slavery. Those 3 facts alone prove this to be true and renders any argument that the North invaded the South to end slavery as plain and simply ignorant and moronic.

Stogie said...

Well said, Anon!

Stogie said...

Seeker, I have deleted more of your frenzied comments and will continue to do so. You are barred from further discussion here.

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Seeker said...

The Civil War was WHAT?

Not about slavery?

Are you mental? First all, SOuthern leaders BRAGGED OUT THE ASS

BRAGGED. OUT. THE ASS it was about spread of slavery.

Watch my lips, cause Im going to show you idiots the speech and documents. BRAGGED OUT THE ASS the civil war about about spread of slavery.

They didn't imply it, they did not infer suggest or hint. THEY BRAGGED OUT THE ASS, over and over, in context, that they fought to SPREAD SLAVERY. S P R E A D slavery.

See their five ultimatums, written into the Confederate Constitution itself.

See Southern newspapers BRAGGING OUT THE ASS in headlines, they were fighting to SPREAD SLAVERY.

See David Atchison, General of Law and Order in Kansas, appointed by Davis, backed by Davis, BRAG OUT THE ASS he was killing to spread slavery. He specifically said his red flag was to show the blood he would spill to SPREAD SLAVERY.

And he hired 1700 men, before the Civil War, to help him kill. See his speech. Go on, see his speech.

For years leading up to Civil War, Southern leaders demanded the spread of slavery -- by violence if need be. And then they killed, as promised, to spread slavery.

Learn of Jeff Davis OWN writing, where he claimed blacks are inferior beings -- not persons --and that the "intolerable grievance" was the resistance to the spread of slavery into KANSAS.

Never mind Kansas had just voted >95% to keep slavery out. Davis demanded the spread of slavery there, and hired David Atchison to do the killing. See Atchison's speech to his killers, you might learn something